Description
The ear is divided into three parts:
1. The outer ear, meaning the part of the ear you can see on the side of the head plus the ear canal leading down to the ear drum
2. The middle ear, meaning the ear drum, ear bones (ossicles) and the air spaces behind the ear drum and the mastoid cavities
3. The inner ear, meaning where the nerve endings are for the organs of hearing and balance (equilibrium).
It is the middle ear that causes discomfort during air travel, and this is so because it is an air pocket inside the head that is vulnerable to changes in air pressure.
Normally, each time (or each 2nd or 3rd time) you swallow, your ears make a little click or popping sound. This is the moment that a small bubble of air enters your middle ear, up from the back of your nose. It passes through the Eustachian tube, a membrane-lined tube about the size of a pencil lead which connects the back of the nose with the middle ear.
The air in the middle ear is constantly being absorbed by its membranous lining, but it is frequently re-supplied through the Eustachian tube during the process of swallowing. In this manner, air pressure on both sides of the eardrum stays about equal. If, and when, the air pressure is not equal, the ear feels blocked.
Air travel is sometimes associated with rapid changes in air pressure. To maintain comfort, the Eustachian tube must function properly, that is, open frequently and widely enough to equalize the changes in pressure. This is especially true when the airplane is coming down for a landing, going from low atmospheric pressure down closer to earth where the air pressure is higher.
In the early days of flying with open cabins and cockpits, this was a major problem for flyers. Today's aircraft are pressurized so that air pressure changes are minimized. Even so, some changes in pressure are unavoidable, even in the best and most modern airplanes. Actually, any situation in which rapid altitude or pressure changes occur creates the problem. This happens when riding in elevators of tall buildings or when diving to the bottom of a swimming pool.
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